While
debating with independence supporters I frequently come across confusion about
words like “country” and “nation”. The confusion arises from the fact that
words are frequently used in different senses. As always it is profitable to go
to our most authoritative dictionary in order to seek clarity. An entry in the
Oxford English dictionary for the word “country” is particularly useful:
“The territory or land of a nation; usually an independent
state, or a region once independent and still distinct in race, language,
institutions, or historical memories, as England, Scotland, and Ireland, in the
United Kingdom, etc.
With political changes, what were originally distinct
countries have become provinces or districts of one country, and vice versa;
the modern tendency being to identify the term with the existing political
condition.”
Scotland is
a country, but in an unusual sense, because while most countries are
independent nation states Scotland is part of an independent nation state, the
UK. The referendum on independence is
about whether Scotland ought to become a nation state. You clearly cannot
become what you already are.
When
pointing out that Scotland is a country in an unusual sense am I in any sense
being derogatory about Scotland? Not at all I’m simply pointing out that
although we are fully and completely a country, we are not an independent
country. It is not derogatory to point out something that independence
supporters obviously recognise to be true.
The reason
why Scotland is described as a country is because we once were an independent
country and this fact has been retained in our collective memory and language.
Certain other attributes that frequently go along with being an independent
country were also retained, such as a distinct church, education system,
football team and banknotes. Whereas some European countries became very
centralised and attempted to abolish the distinctions between the formerly
independent countries from which they were formed, we in the UK were fortunate
to live in a country that was largely accepting of difference and happy to
embrace it. Whereas governments in, for example, France did their best to make everyone
French, following exactly the same laws and speaking exactly the same language,
the UK was more liberal and more willing to allow historical distinctions to
remain. British governments did not set
out to erase from the map and from memory the historical borders in the UK as
happened in much of Europe. Thus the retention of the distinctions between the
countries of this UK, far from this being a reason to leave Britain, is a
reason to recognise the benefits of staying.
Scotland is
accurately described as a country because we were once independent, but
formerly independent countries are not hard to find in Europe and thus have an
equal claim to seeking independence as Scotland does. The kingdoms of Bavaria
and Sicily were independent nation states long after Scotland ceased to be
independent and could equally accurately be described as countries or nations
if that is how the people living there chose to use their language. Moreover Scotland too was once made up of
independent countries. The Kingdom of Strathclyde (450 AD-1093 AD) stretched
across the present border into Cumbria. The Kingdom of Dál Riata (circa 500
AD-839 AD) stretched across the sea into present day Northern Ireland. The
Kingdom of Northumbria (653 AD-954 AD) likewise stretched across a present day
border all the way from Edinburgh to York. Each of these formerly independent
countries has as great a claim to independence as does Scotland (843 AD-1707).
It is entirely arbitrary to pick one historical boundary rather than another.
Too many
nationalists glide from the idea that Scotland is a country to the statement
that we ought to be an independent country. But this clearly does not follow.
If it did, then anywhere that once was independent ought to be so again, which
would mean that we should not be seeking independence for Scotland, but for those
former countries that once made up Scotland. It is purely an accident of
history and linguistics that we don’t generally describe Strathclyde as a
country. You cannot base a claim to independence on something so flimsy;
otherwise I might as well justify the independence of Fife on the grounds that
it is called a Kingdom.
Through the progression of history the United Kingdom has become a nation state. People who are
from that nation state are called British. The borders of the UK came about
through a process of unification, but so did the borders of Scotland, so did
the borders of nearly every European country that is not tiny. There is as much
justification to oppose the process by which the UK came together as to oppose
the process by which Scotland came together. It was the same process and is
common to most of Europe. Scotland united with England because we shared the
same island and came to share the same language. This process didn’t happen
overnight in 1707, but rather began with the process by which Angles, Saxons, Vikings,
Normans and Romans gradually changed the whole of Ancient Britain from being a
Celtic speaking land to being an English speaking nation. To regret that process,
is to regret the very language with which we speak and the people who we are.
There is a
Kantian principle in ethics that I rather like:
“Act only
according to that maxim whereby you can, at the same time, will that it should
become a universal law.”
If Scotland
should be independent because we once were, then this must be applied
universally. But this would mean that everywhere in Europe that once was independent should be so again. The
point of Kant’s law is that people should ask themselves “What if everyone did
this?” If the answer would be undesirable generally, then I ought not to act that
way myself. But does anyone seriously think it would be beneficial for Europe
to return to a collection of tiny states? Historical progress has come about
through unification not through separation. If that were not so, we would remain
warring tribes in the Dark ages. The EU is attempting to take that progress
further by gradually unifying Europe still more closely. There are great challenges
ahead to create a fully democratic EU, but we are not going to get anywhere if
we go against the tide of history.